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- 1. Chapter 3
Early African Societies and the Bantu
Migrations
1
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- 2. Africa: Geography
5,000 miles north-south, east-west
North:
mountainous coastline
Sahara desert
West:
interior grasslands, tropical jungle on coast
East (on Indian ocean):
snowy mountains, upland plateaus
Central: Jungles
South: hills, plateaus, deserts
2
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- 3. Development of African Agriculture
Sahara desert originally highly fertile region
Western Sudan region nomadic herders, c. 9000
BCE
Domestication of cattle c. 7500 BCE
Later, cultivation of sorghum, yams, increasingly
diverse
Widespread dessication of the Sahara c. 5000
BCE
3
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- 4. The Gift of the Nile
Gradual, predictable flooding
Inundation (July-October)
Sprouting
Summer
Communication:
Nubia-Egypt
Current: north
Winds: south
Sub-Saharan Africa-
Mesopotamia
Increased in importance
w/dessication of Sahara
4
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- 5. Early Agriculture in Nile Valley
10,000 BCE migrants from Red Sea hills
(northern Ethiopia)
Introduce collection of wild grains, language roots of
Coptic
5000 BCE Sudanese cultivators, herders migrate
to Nile river valley
Adaption to seasonal flooding of Nile through
construction of dikes, waterways
Villages dot Nile by 4000 BCE
5
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- 6. Impact on Political Organization
Mesopotamia: grand public works to control
flash floods
Egypt: simple, local irrigation projects
Rural rather than heavily urban development
Trade networks develop
6
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- 7. The Span of Egyptian History
Early Nubian domination
Manetho, Egyptian priest/historian
Archaic Period: 3100-2660 BCE
Old Kingdom, 2660-2160 BCE
pyramids
Middle Kingdom, 2160-1640 BCE
Hyksos invasion
New Kingdom, 1550-1075 BCE (see map, c. 1400 BCE)
7
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- 8. Unification of Egypt
Legendary conqueror Menes, c. 3100 unifies
Egyptian kingdom
Sometimes identified with Narmer
Tradition: founder of Memphis, cultural and political
center of ancient Egypt
Instituted the rule of the Pharaoh
Claimed descent from the gods
Absolute rulers, had slaves buried with them from 2600 BCE
Most powerful during Archaic Period (3100-2660 BCE) and
Old Kingdom (2660-2160 BCE)
8
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- 9. The Pyramids
Early architecture from
Old Kingdom
Tallest buildings in the
world until 19th century
2M Blocks, some 60 tons
each
Role: burial chambers for
Pharaohs
9
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- 10. Relations with Nubia
Competition over Nile trade
Military conflict between 3100-2600 BCE
Drives Nubians to the south
Established Kingdom of Kush, c. 2500 BCE
Trade, cultural influences continue despite
military conflict
10
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- 11. Turmoil and Empire
Increasing agricultural productivity at end of Old
Kingdom leads to rise of regional powers and
decline of central state (2160-2040 BCE)
Beginning of Middle Kingom (2040-1640 BCE)
Invasion of Hyksos from southwest Asia, c. 1674
BCE
Semitic people, horse riders with bronze weaponry
Driven out by local military efforts, creation of
New Kingdom (1550-1070 BCE)
11
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- 12. The New Kingdom
Few pyramids, but major
monumental architectural
projects
Engaged in empire-building to
protect against foreign
invasion
Local resistance drives Egypt
out of Nubia
Kingdom of Kush revives c.
1100 BCE
Invasions of Kushites,
Assyrians destroy Egypt mid
6th century BCE
12
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- 13. Egyptian Urban Culture
Major cities along Nile river, especially at delta
Memphis c. 3100 BCE, Heliopolis c. 2900 BCE
Nubian cities include Kerma, Napata, Meroë
Located at cataracts of the Nile
Well-defined social classes
Pharaohs to slaves
Archaeological discoveries in Nubia also support class-
based society
Patriarchal societies, notable exceptions: female
Pharaoh Hatshepsut (r. 1473-1458 BCE)
13
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- 14. Economic Specialization
Bronze metallurgy introduced late, with Hyksos
invasion
Development of iron early, c. 900 BCE
Trade along Nile river
More difficult in Nubia due to cataracts
Sea trade in Mediterranean
14
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- 15. Hieroglyphs
“Sacred Writings”
Preserved on papyrus, made from reeds
Simplified form: hieratic script, 2600 BCE-600 CE
Rosetta Stone, discovered 1799
Hieroglyphs
Demotic (“popular”)
Greek
Pictographs
Meroitic language recorded in alphabet after 5th
century BCE
15
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- 16. Development of Organized Religious
Traditions
Principal gods Amon and Re
Religious tumult under Amenhotep (Akhenaton)
(r. 1364-1347 BCE)
Introduces sole worship of sun god Aton
Tutankhamon restores old system
16
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- 17. Mummification and the Afterlife
Inspiration of the cycles of the Nile
Belief in the revival of the dead
First: ruling classes only, later expanded to include
lower classes
Cult of Osiris
Originally, afterlife only for wealthy
Later, role of Osiris as Judge of Morality
Nubian worship of Apedemak and Sebiumeker
17
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- 18. Bantu Migrations, 3000-1000 BCE
Bantu: “people”
Migration throughout sub-Saharan regions
Population pressures
Over 500 variations of original Bantu language
90 million speakers
By 1000 BCE, occupied most of Africa south of
the equator
18
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- 19. The Bantu Migrations, 2000 B.C.E-1000
C.E.
19
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- 20. Bantu Religions
Evidence of early monotheism
Deistic views as well
Prayers to intercessors, e.g. ancestor spirits
Great variations among populations
20
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Editor's Notes
- Show construction of Temple here from Ancient Egypt VH 5431
- Show second clip from Ancient Egypt, Sphinx through mummification